multipart/form-data (the same shape as curl -F). No base64, no payload doubling.
When the aggregate multipart payload (all file bytes plus form envelope headroom) would exceed ~4 MB, maintained client.run(...) helpers pre-upload enough files through the Files API (storage-direct on cloud, multipart fallback on-prem) with purpose: "run-input" and send { "$fileId": "file_..." } so cloud deployments stay under Vercel’s request-body limit. The server keeps those temporary pool files available for safe run-start retries and reaps them after 24 hours. Explicit client.files.upload(...) omits purpose and remains reusable. Remaining small files keep the single multipart round-trip.
Browser
Node, from disk
Node, from a Blob
Multiple files
files.<fieldName> multipart part. Mix files and scalar inputs freely; scalars ride in the input JSON part automatically.
Nested files are not extracted
Only top-level file values become multipart fields. Files inside arrays or nested objects stay in theinput JSON part and the server will not see them as uploads:
Do not base64 yourself
File, Blob, or { content, filename, mimeType }. Plain strings pass through as scalar inputs.